Spectrum Modern History Notes 2023 Edition For UPSC [PDF]

Spectrum Modern History Notes contains – Edition = 2023, Pages chapters (1-49) = 163, Pages appendix = 17, Format = Pdf. Buy All in One combo and Get More Discount & Benefits = Click Here

|| Content of Spectrum Modern History Notes ||

1. Chapter: 1 – Sources for the History of Modern India
2. Chapter: 2 – Major Approaches to the History of Modern India
3. Chapter: 3 – Advent of the Europeans in India
   
4. Chapter: 4 – India on the Eve of the British Conquest
5. Chapter: 5 – Expansion and Consolidation of British Power in India
6. Chapter: 6 – People’s Resistance Against the British Before 1857
7. Chapter: 7 – The Revolt of 1857
8. Chapter: 8 – Socio-Religious Reform Movements: General Features
9. Chapter: 9 – A General Survey of Socio-Cultural Reform Movements
10. Chapter: 10 – Beginning of Modern Nationalism in India
11. Chapter: 11 – Indian National Congress: Foundation and the Moderate Phase
12. Chapter: 12 – Era of Militant Nationalism (1905-1909)
13. Chapter: 13 – First Phase of Revolutionary Activities (1907-1917)
14. Chapter: 14 – First World War and Nationalist Response
15. Chapter: 15 – Emergence of Gandhi
16. Chapter: 16 – Non-Cooperation Movement and Khilafat Aandolan
17. Chapter: 17 – Emergence of Swarajists, Socialist Ideas, Revolutionary Activities and Other New Forces
18. Chapter: 18 – Simon Commission and the Nehru Report
19. Chapter: 19 – Civil Disobedience Movement and Round Table Conferences
20. Chapter: 20 – Debates on the Future Strategy after Civil Disobedience Movement
21. Chapter: 21 – Congress Rule in Provinces
22. Chapter: 22 – Nationalist Response in the Wake of World War II
23. Chapter: 23 – Quit India Movement, Demand for Pakistan, and the INA
24. Chapter: 24 – Post-War National Scenario
25. Chapter: 25 – Independence with Partition
26. Chapter: 26 – Constitutional, Administrative and Judicial Developments
27. Chapter: 27 – Survey of British Policies in India
28. Chapter: 28 – Economic Impact of British Rule
29. Chapter: 29 – Development of Indian Press
30. Chapter: 30 – Development of Education
31. Chapter: 31 – Peasant Movements 1857-1947
32. Chapter: 32 – The Movement of the Working Class
33. Chapter: 33 – Challenges Before the New-Born Nation
34. Chapter: 34 – The Indian State
35. Chapter: 35 – Making of the Constitution for India
36. Chapter: 36 – The Evolution of Nationalist Foreign Policy
37. Chapter: 37 – First General Elections
38. Chapter: 38 – Developments Under Nehru’s Leadership (1947-64)
39. Chapter: 39 – The Lal Bahadur Shastri Years (June 1964- January 1966)
40. Chapter: 40 – Indira Gandhi: The First Phase (Jan 1966 – Mar 1977)
41. Chapter: 41 – The Janata Party Years (March 1977-January 1980)
42. Chapter: 42 – Indira Gandhi: The Second Phase (January 1980 to October 1984)
43. Chapter: 43 – The Rajiv Years (October 1984 to December 1989)
44. Chapter: 44 – V.P. Singh And Chandra Shekhar Governments (1989-1991)
45. Chapter: 45 – The Narasimha Rao Years (1991 To 1996)
46. Chapter: 46 – Three Prime Ministers in Three Years (1996 – 1999)
47. Chapter: 47 – The NDA Years (1988 – 1999)
48. Chapter: 48 – The UPA Years (2004 – 2014)
49. Chapter: 49 – The NDA Government (2014 Onwards)
50. Appendice

|| Brief Introduction of Spectrum Modern History Notes ||

Chapter: 1 – Sources for the History of Modern India

• Archival Materials
• Literary Sources
• Oral Evidence
• Painting

Chapter: 2 – Major Approaches to the History of Modern India

• Colonial Approach
• Nationalist Historiography
• Marxist Historiography
• Subaltern Approach
• Communalist Approach
• Cambridge School
• Liberal and Neo-Liberal Interpretations
• Feminist Historiography

Chapter: 3 – Advent of the Europeans in India and the Portuguese in India

• The Portuguse in India
• The Dutch-1596
• The English – 1599
• The French – 1667
• The Danes- 1620
• Why the English Succeeded Against Other European Powers

Chapter: 4 – India on the Eve of the British Conquest

• Challenges Before the Mughals
• Causes of Decline of the Mughal Empire
• Rise of Regional States
• Socio-Economic Conditions

Chapter: 5 – Expansion and Consolidation of British Power in India

• The British Imperial History
• Was the British Conquest Accidental or Intentional?
• When Did the British Period Begin in India
• Causes of British Success in India
• British Conquest of Bengal
• Mysore’s Resistance to the Company
• Anglo-Maratha Struggle for Supremacy
• Conquest of Sindh
• Conquest of Punjab
• Extension of British Paramountcy Through Administrative Policy
• Relations of British India With Neighbouring Countries
• British India and the North-West Frontier

Chapter: 6 – People’s Resistance against the British Before 1857

• People’s Resistance: Meaning
• The genesis of People’s Resistance
• Civil Uprisings
• Peasant Movements with Religious Overtones
• Tribal Revolts
• Sepoy Mutinies
• Other Resistance Movements in Brief
• Weaknesses of People’s Uprisings

Chapter: 7 – The Revolt of 1857

• Simmering Discontent
• The 1857 Revolt: The Major Causes
• Beginning And Spread Of The Revolt
• Suppression of the Revolt
• Why the Revolt Failed
• Hindu-Muslim Unity Factor
• Nature of the Revolt
• Consequences
• Significance of the Revolt

Chapter: 8 – Socio-Religious Reform Movements: General Features

• Factors Giving Rise to Desire For Reform
• Social and Ideological Bases of Reform
• The direction of Social Reform

Chapter: 9 – A General Survey of Socio-Cultural Reform Movements

• Movements and Reformers
• Significance of Reform Movements

Chapter: 10 – Beginning of Modern Nationalism in India

• Factors in The Growth of Modern Nationalism
• Early Manifestation of Nationalism: Political Associations
• Pre-Congress Campaigns

Chapter: 11 – Indian National Congress: Foundation and the Moderate Phase

• Foundation of Indian National Congress
• The era of Moderates (1885-1905)
• Contributions of Moderate Nationalists
• An Evaluation of The Early Nationalists

Chapter: 12 – Era of Militant Nationalism (1905-1909)

• Why Militant Nationalism Grew
• The Swadeshi and Boycott Movement
• The Movement under Extremist Leadership
• Annulment of Partition
• Evaluation of the Swadeshi Movement
• The Surat Split
• The Government Strategy
• Morley-Minto Reforms—1909

Chapter: 13 – First Phase of Revolutionary Activities (1907-1917) Why the Surge of Revolutionary Activities?

• Why the Surge of Revolutionary Activities
• The Revolutionary Programme
• A Survey of Revolutionary Activities
• Decline

Chapter 14: – First World War and Nationalist Response

• Three-Fold Nationalist Response
• Home Rule League Movement
• Lucknow Session of The Indian National Congress (1916)
• Montagu’s Statement of August 1917

 Chapter: 15 – Emergence of Gandhi

• Why Nationalist Resurgence Now
• Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms and Government of India Act, 1919
• Making of Gandhi
• Gandhi in India
• Rowlatt Act, Satyagraha, Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
• The Hunter Committee of Inquiry
• Congress View

Chapter: 16 – Non-Cooperation Movement and Khilafat Aandolan

• Background
• The Khilafat Issue
• The Non-Cooperation Khilafat Movement
• Why Gandhi Withdrew the Movement
• Evaluation of the Khilafat Non-Cooperation Movement

Chapter: 17- Emergence of Swarajists, Socialist Ideas, Revolutionary Activities and Other New Forces

• Swarajists and No-Changers
• Emergence Of New Forces: Socialistic Ideas, Youth Power, Trade Unionism
• Revolutionary Activity During The 1920s

Chapter: 18 – Simon Commission and the Nehru Report

• Various Committees
• Appointment of The Indian Statutory Commission
• Impact of Appointment of Simon Commission on the National Movement
• Nehru Report

Chapter: 19 – Civil Disobedience Movement and Round Table Conferences

• The Run-Up to Civil Disobedience Movement
• Civil Disobedience Movement—The Salt Satyagraha And Other Upsurges
• Karachi Congress Session – 1931
• The Round Table Conferences
• Civil Disobedience Resumed
• Communal Award and Poona Pact
• Gandhi’s Harijan Campaign and Thoughts on Caste
• Ideological Differences and Similarities Between Gandhi and Ambedkar

Chapter: 20 – Debates on the Future Strategy after Civil Disobedience Movement

• The First Stage Debate
• Government Of India Act, 1935
• The Second Stage Debate

Chapter: 21 – Congress Rule In Provinces

• Gandhi’s Advice
• Work Under Congress Ministries
• Evaluation

Chapter: 22 – Nationalist Response in the Wake of World War II

• Congress Crisis on Method Of Struggle
• Gandhi And Bose: Ideological Differences
• Second World War and Nationalistic Response
• Government Attitude and Congress Ministries’ Resignation
• August Offer
• Individual Satyagrahas
• Gandhi Designates Nehru as His Successor
• Cripps Mission

Chapter: 23 – Quit India Movement, Demand for Pakistan, and the INA

• Quit India Movement
• Famine of 1943
• Rajagopalachari Formula
• Desai-Liaqat Pact
• Wavell Plan
• Indian National Army and S.C Bose

Chapter: 24 – Post-War National Scenario

• Two Strands of National Upsurge
• Change in Government’s Attitude
• Congress Election Campaign And Ina Trials
• Three Upsurges—Winter Of 1945-46
• Election Results
• The Cabinet Mission
• Communal Holocaust and the Interim Government
• Birth And Spread of Communalism In India

Chapter: 25 – Independence with Partition

• Attlee’s Statement of February 20, 1947
• Independence and Partition
• Integration of States
• Inevitability of Partition

Chapter: 26 – Constitutional, Administrative and Judicial Developments

1. Constitutional Development Between 1773 and 1858
2. Developments after 1858 till Independence
3. Evolution of Civil Services in India
4. Evolution of Police System in Modern India
5. Military under the British
6. Development of Judiciary in British India
7. Later Developments
8. Evaluation
9. Significant Changes in Administrative Structure After 1857
10. Administration: Central, Provincial, and Local

Chapter: 27 – Survey of British Policies in India

• Administrative Policies
• Revenue Policies
• British Social and Cultural Policy in India
• British Policy Towards Princely States
• British Foreign Policy in India

Chapter: 28 – Economic Impact of British Rule

• Deindustrialisation – Ruin of Artisans and Handicraftsmen
• Impoverishment of Peasantry
• The emergence of Intermediaries, Absentee Landlordism, Ruin Of Old Zamindars
• Stagnation and Deterioration of Agriculture
• Famine and Poverty
• The commercialisation of Indian Agriculture
• Destruction of Industry and Late Development of Modern Industry
• Nationalist Critique of Colonial Economy
• Economic Issue A Stimulant To National Unrest
• Stages of Colonialism In India

Chapter: 29 – Development of Indian Press

• Early Regulation
• Struggle by Early Nationalists to Secure Press Freedom
• The Vernacular Press Act (VPA)
• Repression Against Nationalist Journalists Continues
• During and after the First World War
• During the Second World War

Chapter: 30 – Development of Education

• Under Company Rule
• After the Crown Took Over
• Development of Vernacular Education
• Development of Technical Education
• Evaluation of British Policy on Education

Chapter: 31 – Peasant Movements 1857-1947

• A Survey of Early Peasant Movements
• Changed Nature of Peasant Movements after 1857
• Weaknesses
• Later Movements
• Peasant Activity in Provinces
• Balance-Sheet of Peasant Movements

Chapter: 32 – The Movement of the Working Class

• Early Efforts
• During Swadeshi Upsurge
• During the First World War and After
• During and after The Second World War
• After Independence

Chapter: 33 – Challenges before the New-Born Nation

• Setting out as an Independent Nation
• Radcliffe’s Boundary Award and The Communal Riots
• Challenges Associated With the Division of Resources
• Assassination of Gandhi
• Rehabilitation and Resettlement of Refugees
• Communists and Independence

Chapter: 34 – The Indian State

• Evolution of Relations Between the British and the Princely States
• Plebiscite Army Action
• Gradual Integration

Chapter: 35 – Making of the Constitution for India

• Background
• Constituent Assembly

Chapter: 36 – The Evolution of Nationalist Foreign Policy

• Historical Perspective
• After Independence

Chapter: 37 – First General Elections

• Groundwork For The Elections
• Independent India Goes To Polls For 1st Time

Chapter: 38 – Developments under Nehru’s Leadership (1947-64)

• Political Developments
• Planning for Economic Development
• Progress of Science And Technology
• Social Developments
• Foreign Policy
• Relations with Neighbours

Chapter: 39 – The Lal Bahadur Shastri Years (June 1964- January 1966)

• Lal Bahadur Shastri Chosen to Lead the Government
• Prime Minister: Continuing Nehru’s Legacy but With Change
• Economic Ideas
• Foreign Relations
• Indo-Pak War
• Shastri’s Death

Chapter: 40 – Indira Gandhi: The First Phase (Jan 1966 – Mar 1977)

• Early Life
• Political Journey After Independence
• Developments In Political System
• Socio-Economic Policies
• Tackling Economic Problems
• The Indo-Pak War Of 1971 and the Birth of Bangladesh
• Foreign Policy and Relations with Other Countries
• The Smiling Buddha

Chapter: 41 – The Janata Party Years (March 1977-January 1980)

• Morarji Desai The First Non-Congress Prime Minister
• Fresh State Assembly Elections
• New President of India
• Downslide of the Janata and Rise of Congress
• Charan Singh The Prime Minister Who Never Faced Parliament
• Fresh Lok Sabha Elections and End of Janata Party Rule
• Legacy of the Janata Rule
• Social Changes and Movements

Chapter: 42 – Indira Gandhi: The Second Phase (January 1980 to October 1984)

• Economy
• Foreign Relations
• Unrest in the States
• Punjab Turmoil and Operation Blue Star States
• Indira Assassinated
• Legacy

Chapter: 43 – The Rajiv Years (October 1984 to December 1989)

• Problems at the Very Outset
• The 1985 General Elections
• Tackling The Tensions in States
• Positive Steps Taken on The Domestic Front
• The Negative Side
• Agrarian Unrest
• Foreign Relations
• Rajiv Assassinated

Chapter: 44 – V.P. Singh And Chandra Shekhar Governments (1989-1991)

• The V.P. Singh Years (December 1989 – November 1990)
• The Chandra Shekhar Government (November 1990 to June 1991)

Chapter: 45 – The Narasimha Rao Years (1991 To 1996)

• Economic Reform
• Panchayati Raj and Nagarpalika Acts
• Handling Security Issues and Space Tech
• Foreign Policy
• Negative Aspects
• Kashmir
• General Elections of 1996
• Rise of the Dalit Voice

Chapter: 46 – Three Prime Ministers in Three Years (1996 – 1999)

• Vajpayee’s Short-Lived Term as Prime Minister

Chapter: 47 – The NDA Years (1988 – 1999)

• NDA: First Stint (March 1998 to October 1999)
• NDA: Second Stint (October 1999 to May 2004)
• 2004 General Elections

Chapter: 48 – The UPA Years (2004 – 2014)

• UPA First Term (May 2004 – May 2009)
• UPA Second Stint (May 2009 – May 2014)
• The 2014 General Elections

Chapter: 49 – The NDA Government (2014 Onwards)

• NDA Government (May 2014 – May 2019)
• General Election 2019
• NDA Back in Government

Appendice

• Governors-General And Viceroys of India: Significant Events in Their Rule
• Personalities Associated with Specific Movements
• Indian National Congress Annual Sessions
• Socio-Religious Reform Movements (Late 18th To Mid-20th Century)
• Famous Trials of The Nationalist Period
• Caste Movements
• Peasant Movements
• Newspapers And Journals

|| About the Spectrum Modern History ||

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