Indian Polity M. Laxmikanth Notes 7th Edition 2024 [PDF]

Indian Polity M. Laxmikanth Notes contains – Edition = 7th, Pages chapters (1-92) = 221, Pages Pyq = 14, Format = Pdf. Buy All in One combo and Get More Discount & Benefits = Click Here

|| Content of Indian Polity M. Laxmikanth Notes ||

1. Chapter: 1 – Historical Background
2. Chapter: 2 – Making of the Indian Constitution
3. Chapter: 3 – Concept of the Constitution
4. Chapter: 4 – Feature of the Constitution
5. Chapter: 5 – Preamble of the Constitution
6. Chapter: 6 – Union and its Territory
7. Chapter: 7 – Citizenship
8. Chapter: 8 – Fundamental Rights
9. Chapter: 9 – Directive Principles of our State Policy
10. Chapter: 10 – Fundamental Duties
11. Chapter: 11 – Amendment of the Constitution
12. Chapter: 12 – Basic Structure of the Constitution
13. Chapter: 13 – Parliamentary System
14. Chapter: 14 – Federal System
15. Chapter: 15 – Centre–State Relations
16. Chapter: 16 – Inter State Relations
17. Chapter: 17 – Emergency Provisions
18. Chapter: 18 – President
19. Chapter: 19 – Vice-President
20. Chapter: 20 – Prime Minister
21. Chapter: 21 – Central Council of Ministers
22. Chapter: 22 – Cabinet Committee
23. Chapter: 23 – Parliament
24. Chapter: 24 – Parliamentary Committees
25. Chapter: 25 – Indian Parliamentary Group
26. Chapter: 26 – Supreme Court
27. Chapter: 27 – Judicial Review
28. Chapter: 28 – Judicial Activism
29. Chapter: 29 – Public Interest Litigation
30. Chapter: 30 – Governor
31. Chapter: 31 – Chief Minister
32. Chapter: 32 – State Council Of Ministers
33. Chapter: 33 – State Legislature
34. Chapter: 34 – High Court
35. Chapter: 35 – Subordinate Courts
36. Chapter: 36 – Tribunals
37. Chapter: 37 – Consumer Commissions
38. Chapter: 38 – Lok Adalats and Other Courts
39. Chapter: 39 – Panchayati Raj
40. Chapter: 40 – Municipalities
41. Chapter: 41 – Union Territories
42. Chapter: 42 – Scheduled and Tribal Areas
43. Chapter: 43 – Election Commission
44. Chapter: 44 – Union Public Service Commission
45. Chapter: 45 – State Public Service Commission
46. Chapter: 46 – Finance Commission
47. Chapter: 47 – Goods and Services Tax Council
48. Chapter: 48 – National Commission For SCs
49. Chapter: 49 – National Commission For STs
50. Chapter: 50 – National Commission For BCs
51. Chapter: 51 – Special Officer For Linguistic Minorities
52. Chapter: 52 – Comptroller and Auditor General of India
53. Chapter: 53 – Attorney General of India
54. Chapter: 54 – Advocate General of The State
55. Chapter: 55 – Constitutional Prescriptions
56. Chapter: 56 – Niti Aayog
57. Chapter: 57 – National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)
58. Chapter: 58 – State Human Rights Commission
59. Chapter: 59 – National Commission for Women
60. Chapter: 60 – National Commission for Protection of Child Rights
61. Chapter: 61 – National Commission for Minorities
62. Chapter: 62 – Central Information Commission
63. Chapter: 63 – State Information Commission
64. Chapter: 64 – Central Vigilance Commission
65. Chapter: 65 – Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
66. Chapter: 66 – Lokpal and Lokayuktas
67. Chapter: 67 – National Investigation Agency
68. Chapter: 68 – National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)
69. Chapter: 69 – Bar Council of India
70. Chapter: 70 – Law Commission of India
71. Chapter: 71 – Delimitation Commission of India
72. Chapter: 72 – Co-Operative Societies
73. Chapter: 73 – Official Language
74. Chapter: 74 – Public Services
75. Chapter: 75 – Rights And Liabilities of the Government
76. Chapter: 76 – Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes
77. Chapter: 77 – Special Provisions for Some States
78. Chapter: 78 – Political Parties
79. Chapter: 79 – Role of Regional Parties
80. Chapter: 80 – Elections
81. Chapter: 81 – Election Laws
82. Chapter: 82 – Electoral Reforms
83. Chapter: 83 – Voting Behaviour
84. Chapter: 84 – Coalition Government
85. Chapter: 85 – Anti-Defection Law
86. Chapter: 86 – Pressure Groups
87. Chapter: 87 – National Integration
88. Chapter: 88 – Foreign Policy
89. Chapter: 89 – National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution
90. Chapter: 90 – Landmark Judgements and their Impact
91. Chapter: 91 – Important Doctrines of Constitutional Interpretation
92. Chapter: 92 – World Constitutions
93. Prelims Previous Year Paper
94. Mains Previous Year Paper

|| Brief Introduction of Indian Polity M. Laxmikanth Notes ||

Chapter: 1 – Historical Background

• The Company Rule (1773-1858)
• The Crown Rule (1858-1947)

Chapter: 2 – Making of the Indian Constitution

• Committees of the Constituent Assembly
• Enforcement of the Constitution
• Experts Committee of the Congress
• Criticism of the Constituent Assembly
• Hindi Text of the Constitution

 Chapter: 3 – Concept of the Constitution

• Meaning
• Functions
• Qualities
• Classification
• Constitutionalism and Constitutional Government

 Chapter: 4 – Feature of the Constitution

• Salient Features of the Constitution
• Criticism of the Constitution
• Various Sources of The Indian Constitution

Chapter: 5 – Preamble of the Constitution

• Text of the Preamble
• Key Words in the Preamble
• Preamble as Part of the Constitution
• Amenability of the Preamble

Chapter: 6 – Union and Its Territory

• Union of State
• Parliament’s Power to Reorganise the State
• Exchange of Territories with Bangladesh
• Evolution of States and Union Territories

Chapter: 7 – Citizenship

• Constitutional Provision
• Citizenship Act, 1955
• Loss of Citizenship
• Single Citizenship
• Overseas Citizenship of India

Chapter: 8 – Fundamental Rights

• Definition of State
• Laws Inconsistent with Fundamental Rights
• Right To Equality (14-18)
• Right To Freedom
• Right Against Exploitation
• Right To Freedom of Religion
• Cultural and Educational Rights
• Right To Constitutional Remedies
• Writs—Types and Scope
• Armed Forces and Fundamental Rights
• Martial Law and Fundamental Rights
• Effecting Fundamental Rights
• Exceptions to Fundamental Rights
• Criticism of Fundamental Rights
• Significance of Fundamental Rights

Chapter: 9 – Directive Principles of our State Policy: Part IV (Articles 36-51)

• Features of the Directive Principles
• Classified into Three Categories
• New Directive Principles

Chapter: 10 – Fundamental Duties

• Swaran Singh Committee Recommendations
• List of Fundamental Duties
• Characteristics
• Significance
• Criticism of FDs
• Verma Committee Observations

Chapter: 11 – Amendment of the Constitution

• Types Of Amendments In the Indian Constitution
• Procedure For Amendment
• Criticism Of Amendment Procedure

Chapter: 12 – Basic Structure of the Constitution

• The emergence of the Basic Structure
• Elements of the Basic Structure

Chapter: 13 – Parliamentary System

• Features of Parliamentary Government
• Features of Presidential Government
• Merits of the Parliamentary System
• Demerits of the Parliamentary System
• Reasons for Adopting Parliamentary System
• The distinction between Indian and British Models

Chapter: 14 – Federal System

• Federal Features of the Indian Union
• Unitary
• Federal Features of the Constitution
• Issues and Challenges Faced by Indian Federalism

Chapter: 15 – Centre-State Relations

• Legislative Relations
• Administrative Relations
• Financial Relations
• Trends in Centre-State Relations

Chapter: 16 – Inter-State Relations

• Inter-State Water Disputes
• Inter-State Councils
• Inter-State Trade and Commerce
• Zonal Councils

Chapter: 17 – Emergency Provisions

• 352 – National Emergency
• 356 – President’s Rule
• 360 – Financial Emergency (Never Imposed Till Date)
• Criticism of the Emergency Provisions

Chapter: 18 – President

• Election of the President
• Qualification, Oath and Condition
• Term, Impeachment and Vacancy
• Powers and Functions of the President
• Veto Power
• Ordinance-Making Power
• Pardoning Power of the President

Chapter: 19 – Vice-President

• Election
• Qualifications
• Powers and Functions
• Compared

Chapter: 20 – Prime Minister

• Appointment of the Prime Minister
• Powers and Functions of the Pm
• Relationship With the President
• Cm Who Became Prime Ministers

Chapter: 21 – Central Council of Ministers

• Constitutional Provisions
• Nature of Advice by Ministers
• Appointment of Ministers
• Responsibility of Ministers
• Composition of The Council of Ministers
• Composition of The Council of Minister
• Role of Cabinet
• Kitchen Cabinet

Chapter: 22 – Cabinet Committee

• Features of Cabinet Committees
• Functions of Cabinet Committees
• List of Cabinet Committees

Chapter: 23 – Parliament

• Organisation of Parliament
• Composition
• Duration
• Membership of Parliament
• Presiding Officers of Parliament
• Sessions of Parliament
• Devices of Parliamentary Proceedings
• Legislative Procedure in Parliament
• Joint Sitting of Parliament
• Budget in Parliament
• Multifunctional Role of Parliament
• Position of Rajya Sabha

Chapter: 24 – Parliamentary Committees

• Classification
• Financial Committees
• Committees to Inquire
• Committees to Scrutinise
• Committees Relating to the Day-to-Day Business of the House

Chapter: 25 – Indian Parliamentary Group

• Composition of the e Group
• Objectives of the Group
• Functions of the Group
• The Group and IPU
• The Group and CPA

Chapter: 26 – Supreme Court

• Composition and Appointment
• Qualifications, Oath, Tenure, Removal of Judges
• Tenure and Removal
• Acting, Ad Hoc, Retired Judges
• Procedure of Court
• Independence of Supreme Court
• Jurisdiction and Powers of the Supreme Court

Chapter: 27 – Judicial Review

• Meaning
• Importance of Judicial Review
• Constitutional Provisions for Judicial Review
• Scope of Judicial Review
• Judicial Review of Ninth Schedule

Chapter: 28 – Judicial Activism

• Meaning of Judicial Activism
• Judicial Review and Judicial Activism
• Justification of Judicial Activism
• Activators of Judicial Activism
• Apprehensions of Judicial Activism
• Judicial Activism Vs. Judicial Restraint

Chapter: 29 – Public Interest Litigation

• Meaning of PIL
• Features of PIL
• Scope of PIL
• Principles of PIL
• Guidelines for Admitting of PIL

Chapter: 30 – Governor

• Appointment of Governor
• Conditions of the Governor’s Office
• Powers and Functions of Governor
• Constitutional Position of Governor

Chapter: 31 – Chief Minister

• Appointment Of Chief Minister
• Powers And Functions Of Cm
• Relationship With the Governor

Chapter: 32 – State Council of Ministers

• Constitutional Provisions
• Nature of Advice by Ministers
• Appointment of Ministers
• Responsibility of Ministers
• Cabinet

Chapter: 33 – State Legislature

• The organisation of the State Legislature
• Composition of Two Houses
• Duration of Two Houses
• Membership of the State Legislature
• Presiding Officers of State Legislature
• Sessions of State Legislature
• Legislative Procedure in State Legislature
• Position of Legislative Council

Chapter: 34 – High Court

• Composition and Appointment
• Qualifications, Oath, Salaries
• Tenure, Removal and Transfer
• Acting, Additional and Retired Judges
• Independence of the High Court
• Jurisdiction and Powers of the High Court

Chapter: 35 – Subordinate Courts

• Constitutional Provisions
• Structure and Jurisdiction
• Lok Adalats
• Permanent Lok Adalats
• Family Courts
• Gram Nyayalayas

Chapter: 36 – Tribunals

• Administrative Tribunals
• Tribunals for other Matters

Chapter: 37 – Consumer Commission

• National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission
• State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission
• District Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission

Chapter: 38 – Lok Adalats and other Courts

• Lok Adalats
• Permanent Lok Adalats
• Family Courts
• Gram Nyayalayas
• Commercial Courts

Chapter: 39 – Panchayati Raj

• Evolution of Panchayati Raj
• 73rd Amendments Act of 1992
• Compulsory and Voluntary Provisions
• Pesa Act of 1996 (Extension Act)
• Reasons for Ineffective Performance

Chapter: 40- Municipalities

• Evolution of Urban Bodies
• 74th Amendment Act Of 1992
• Types of Urban Governments
• Municipal Personnel
• Municipal Revenue
• Central Council Of Local Government

Chapter: 41 – Union Territories

• Creation of Union Territories
• Administration of Union Territories
• Special Provisions for Delhi
• Advisory Committees of Union Territories

Chapter: 42 – Scheduled and Tribal Areas

• Administration of Scheduled Areas
• Administration of Tribal Areas

Chapter: 43 – Election Commission

• Composition
• Powers and Functions
• Vision, Mission and Principles

Chapter: 44 – Union Public Service Commission

• Composition
• Removal
• Functions
• Limitations
• Role

Chapter: 45 – State Public Service Commission

• Composition
• Removal
• Functions
• Limitations
• Role
• Joint State Public Service Commission

Chapter: 46 – Finance Commission

• Composition
• Functions
• Advisory Role

Chapter: 47 – Goods and Services Tax Council

• Establishment of The Council
• Vision and Mission of the Council
• Composition of the Council
• Working of the Council
• Functions of the Council

Chapter: 48 – National Commission for SCs

• Evolution of the Commission
• Functions of the Commission
• Report of the Commission
• Powers of the Commission

Chapter: 49 – National Commission for STs

• Separate Commission for STs
• Functions of the Commission
• Other Functions of the Commission
• Report of the Commission
• Powers of the Commission

Chapter: 50 – National Commission for BCs

• Establishment of the Commission
• Functions of the Commission
• Report of the Commission
• Powers of the Commission

Chapter: 51 – Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities

• Constitutional Provisions
• Vision and Mission
• Functions and Objectives

Chapter: 52 – Comptroller and Auditor General of India

• Appointment and Term
• Independence
• Duties and Powers
• Role
• Cag and Corporations
• Appleby’s Criticism

Chapter: 53 – Attorney General of India

• Appointment and Term
• Duties and Functions
• Rights and Limitations
• Solicitor General of India

Chapter: 54 – Advocate General of the State

• Appointment and Term
• Duties and Functions

Chapter: 55 – Constitutional Prescriptions

• Compositions
• Appointments
• Age
• Oaths
• Term
• Salaries
• Resignations
• Removals and Dissolutions
• Submission of Reports

Chapter: 56 – Niti Aayog

• Establishment
• Composition
• Specialised Wings
• Objectives
• Functions
• Guiding Principles
• Cooperative Federalism
• Criticism
• Attached Offices

Chapter: 57 – National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)

• Establishment of the Commission
• Functions and Powers of NHRC
• Composition of the Commission
• Working of the Commission
• Role of the Commission

Chapter: 58 – State Human Rights Commission

• Composition
• Functions of the Commission
• Working of the Commission
• 2019 Amendment Act

Chapter: 59 – National Commission for Women

• Establishment
• Composition
• Functions
• Powers
• Working
• Parivarik Mahila Lok Adalat

Chapter: 60 – National Commission for Protection of Child Rights

• Establishment
• Composition
• Functions
• Powers
• Working
• Functions Under Other Acts
• State Commission for Protection of Child Rights
• Children’s Courts

Chapter: 61 – National Commission for Minorities

• Establishment
• Composition
• Functions
• Powers
• Report

Chapter: 62 – Central Information Commission

• Composition
• Tenure and Service Conditions
• Powers and Functions

Chapter: 63 – State Information Commission

• Composition
• Tenure and Service Conditions
• Powers and Functions
• RTI Amendment Act, 2019

Chapter: 64 – Central Vigilance Commission

• Establishment
• Composition
• Organisation
• Functions
• Working
• The Whistleblowers Protection Act, 2014

Chapter: 65 – Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)

• Establishment of CBI
• Motto, Mission And Vision of CBI
• Organisation of CBI
• Composition of CBI
• Functions of CBI
• Provision of Prior Permission
• CBI Vs. State Police
• CBI Academy

Chapter: 66 – Lokpal and Lokayukta

• Lokpal
• Lokpal and Lokayukta Act 2013
• Lokayuktas

Chapter: 67 – National Investigation Agency

• Establishment of the NIA
• Functions of the NIA
• A vision of the NIA
• The mission of the NIA
• Jurisdiction of the NIA
• Nia (Amendment) Act, 2019

Chapter: 68 – National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)

• Establishment of the NDMA
• Objectives of the NDMA
• Functions of the NDMA
• Additional Functions of the NDMA
• State Disaster Management Authority
• District Disaster Management Authority

Chapter: 69 – Bar Council of India

• Establishment
• Composition
• Functions
• State Bar Councils
• Types of Advocates

Chapter: 70 – Law Commission of India

• Historical Background
• Commissions Constituted so Far
• Composition
• Functions
• Working
• Role

Chapter: 70 – Delimitation Commission of India

• Rationale of Delimitation
• Commissions Established so Far
• Constitutional Provisions
• Fourth Delimitation Commission
• Implementation of the Recommendations
• Delimitation Commission (2020)
• Delimitation In J&K
• Order of the Commission
• Recommendations of the Commission

Chapter: 72- Co-Operative Societies

• Constitutional Provisions
• Reasons for the 97th Amendment

Chapter: 73- Official Language

• Language of the Union
• Regional Languages
• Development of the Hindi Language
• Committee of Parliament on Official Language
• Classical Language Status

Chapter: 74 – Public Services

• Classification of Services
• Constitutional Provisions

Chapter: 75 – Rights and Liabilities of the Government

• Property of the Union and the States
• Suits by or Against the Government
• Suits Against Public Officials

Chapter: 76 – Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes

• The rationale of Special Provisions
• Specification of Classes
• Components of Special Provisions

Chapter: 77 – Special Provisions for Some State

• Provisions for Maharashtra and Gujarat
• Provisions for Nagaland
• Provisions for Assam and Manipur
• Provisions for Andhra Pradesh or Telangana
• Provisions for Sikkim
• Provisions for Mizoram
• Provisions for Arunachal Pradesh and Goa
• Provisions for Karnataka

Chapter: 78 – Political Parties

• Meaning and Types
• Party System in India
• Recognition of a National Party and State Parties
• Rise of Regional Parties in India

Chapter: 79 – Role of Regional Parties

• Features of Regional Parties
• Classification of Regional Parties
• Rise of Regional Parties
• Roles of Regional Parties
• Dysfunctions of Regional Parties

Chapter: 80 – Elections

• Electoral System
• Election Machinery
• Election Process

Chapter: 81 – Election Laws

• Representation of the People Act, 1950
• Representation of the People Act, 1951
• Delimitation Act, 2002
• Other Acts Relating to Elections
• Rules Relating to Elections

Chapter: 82 – Electoral Reforms

• Committees Related to Electoral Reforms
• Electoral Reforms Before 1996
• Electoral Reforms of 1996
• Electoral Reforms after 1996
• Electoral Reforms since 2010

Chapter: 83 – Voting Behaviour

• Meaning of Voting Behaviour
• Significance of Voting Behaviour
• Determinants of Voting Behaviour
• Role of Media in Elections and Voting Behaviour

Chapter: 84 – Coalition Government

• Meaning of Coalition Government
• Features of Coalition Government
• Formation of Coalition Governments
• Merits of Coalition Government
• Demerits of Coalition Government

Chapter: 85 – Anti-Defection Law

• Provisions of the Act
• Evaluation of the Act
• 91st Amendment Act (2003)

Chapter: 86 – Pressure Groups

• Meaning and Techniques
• Pressure Groups in India
• Functions

Chapter: 87 – National Integration

• Meaning of National Integration
• Obstacles to National Integration
• National Integration Council
• National Foundation for Communal Harmony

Chapter: 88 – Foreign Policy

• Principles of Indian Foreign Policy
• Objectives of Indian Foreign Policy
• Gujral Doctrine of India
• Nuclear Doctrine of India
• Connect Central Asia Policy of India
• Act East Policy of India

Chapter: 89 – National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution

• Terms Of Reference Of the Commission
• Nifty Years of Working on the Constitution
• Areas Of Concern: Commission’s Perception
• Recommendations of the Commission
• Earlier Efforts to Review the Constitution

Chapter: 90 – Landmark Judgements and their Impact

• Romesh Thappar Case (1950)
• K. Gopalan Case (1950)
• Champakam Dorairajan Case (1951)
• Shankari Prasad Case (1951)
• Berubari Union Case (1960)
• M. Nanavati Case (1961)
• C. Golak Nath Case (1967)
• Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973)
• Indira Nehru Gandhi Case (1975)
• D.M. Jabalpur Case (1976)
• Maneka Gandhi Case (1978)
• Bachan Singh Case (1980)
• Minerva Mills Case (1980)
• Waman Rao Case (1980)
• Shah Bano Case (1985)
• C. Wadhwa Case (1986)
• C. Mehta Case (1986)
• Kihoto Hollohan Case (1992)
• Indra Sawhney Case (1992)
• Mohini Jain Case (1992)
• Unni Krishnan Case (1993)
• Supreme Court Advocates-On-Record Association Case (1993)
• R. Bommai Case (1994)
• Vishaka Case (1997)
• Vineet Narain Case (1997)
• Association For Democratic Reforms Case (2002)
• M.A. Pai Foundation Case (2002)
• Naveen Jindal Case (2004)
• Prakash Singh Case (2006)
• Nagaraj Case (2006)
•  Coelho Case (2007)
• Aruna Ramachandra Shanbaug Case (2011)
• People’s Union For Civil Liberties Case (2013)
• Lily Thomas Case (2013)
• S.R. Subramanian Case (2013)
• National Legal Services Authority Case (2014)
• Shreya Singhal Case (2015)
• Supreme Court Advocates- On-Record Association Case (2015)
• Shayara Bano Case (2017)
• S. Puttaswamy Case (2017)
• Indian Young Lawyers Association Case (2018)
• Joseph Shine Case (2018)
• Navtej Singh Johar Case (2018)
• Siddiq Case (2019)
• Anuradha Bhasin Case (2020)
• Rambabu Singh Thakur Case (2020)
• Internet And Mobile Association of India Case (2020)

Chapter: 91 – Important Doctrines of Constitutional Interpretation

• Doctrine of Severability
• Doctrine of Waiver
• Doctrine of Eclipse
• Doctrine of Territorial Nexus
• Doctrine of Pith and Substance
• Doctrine of Colourable Legislation
• Doctrine of Implied Powers
• Doctrine of Incidental and Ancillary Powers
• Doctrine of Precendent
• Doctrine of Occupied Field
• Doctrine of Prospective Overruling
• Doctrine of Harmonious Construction
• Doctrine of Liberal Interpretation

Chapter: 92 – World Constitutions

• American Constitution
• British Constitution
• French Constitution
• Japanese Constitution
• Soviet Constitution
• Russian Constitution
• Chinese Constitution
• Swiss Constitution

|| Content of Indian Polity M. Laxmikanth Book||

“Indian Polity” by M. Laxmikanth is a comprehensive book that serves as a guide to the Indian political system and governance. It’s a popular reference book for aspirants preparing for various competitive examinations in India, particularly the Civil Services Examination conducted by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC).

The Laxmikant Polity 7th Edition Pdf in english covers various aspects of Indian polity and governance, including the Constitution of India, fundamental rights, directive principles of state policy, the structure and functions of the government, parliamentary system, federalism, local government, and more. It’s known for its detailed explanations, lucid language, and extensive coverage of topics relevant for competitive exams.

Many candidates find this book helpful not only for learing the basic concepts but also for understanding the nuances of Indian politics and governance, which is crucial for cracking exams like the UPSC Civil Services Examination.

Laxmikant Polity 7th edition Pdf Notes chapters have been thoroughly revised as per the recent developments with an addition of 12 new chapters in this latest edition.

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